The term ‘classical’ evokes a sense of tradition, enduring value, and timeless quality, qualities that are as applicable to ancient architecture as they are to music, literature, and other arts. The word itself has roots that stretch back to the Latin ‘classicus’, which referred to a category or classification of Romans based on wealth and status. Over time, this term evolved to signify something of the highest rank or importance, and this connotation has permeated various aspects of culture, particularly the arts.
In the realm of music, ‘classical’ broadly describes the art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and secular music, encompassing a broad period from roughly the 11th century to present times. This period is divided into several eras, including the Baroque, Classical, Romantic, and Modern eras, each with its own distinctive styles and characteristics. The term ‘classical music’ was coined in the early 19th century as a way to canonize the period that includes composers like Mozart and Beethoven, marking it as a golden age of music whose standards should be emulated by contemporary composers.
In literature, ‘classical’ typically refers to the works of ancient Greek and Roman writers like Homer, Virgil, and Ovid. These works have been deemed ‘classical’ because they have been recognized for their exemplary craftsmanship and their lasting influence on the literature that followed. Similarly, in the visual arts, the classical period refers to both the style of art produced in the ancient Greek and Roman worlds and the later styles inspired by them, characterized by a focus on harmony, proportion, and adherence to recognized standards of form and craftsmanship.
The adoption of the term ‘classical’ in various contexts signifies more than just a chronological or stylistic marker; it implies a model of excellence and a benchmark against which other works are measured. This is why educational curricula emphasize the study of ‘classics’—to provide students with exemplars of fine reasoning, expressive depth, and aesthetic beauty. The designation of something as ‘classical’ implies it has not only historical significance but also enduring relevance, able to instruct, inspire, and provoke thought across the ages.
Moreover, the classical has also come to represent a certain stability and order. In times of cultural or artistic upheaval, returning to classical forms and principles can provide a grounding effect, a reminder of the foundational elements of art and culture. This is seen in architectural revivals, the periodic reemergence of classical styles in fashion, and the ongoing performance and reverence of classical music compositions in concert halls around the world.
However, the classification of something as ‘classical’ can also be contentious. It often reflects Eurocentric values and perspectives that have historically marginalized or excluded non-Western forms of art, culture, and thought. The debate over what constitutes the ‘classical’ is part of a broader discourse on cultural values and identity, reflecting changing attitudes about what is considered exemplary or foundational in a society.
In conclusion, the term ‘classical’ is multifaceted, denoting historical depth, artistic excellence, and sometimes a touchstone of cultural identity. While its implications can be complex, the classical remains a powerful concept that resonates across different fields, symbolizing the enduring human quest for beauty, truth, and excellence. As society evolves, so too does the interpretation of what it means to be classical, ensuring that it remains a dynamic and evolving term within cultural conversations.
